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Mowa zależna
Przytaczanie
czyichś słów w mowie zależnej w języku angielskim wiąże się najogólniej
ze zmianą wszelkich czasów gramatycznych na odpowiadający im czas
przeszły, o ile taki istnieje (nie można zamienić na przykład czasu
zaprzeszłego past perfect na inny czas przeszły, ponieważ taki czas nie
istnieje w języku). Zmianom podlegają także wszelkie wyrażenia odnoszące
się do czasu i miejsca, na zasadzie „oddalania” się w czasie i
przestrzeni od „tu” i „teraz”. Zmianom podlegają także zaimki osobowe.
Oto lista
elementów, które zmieniamy w mowie zależnej:
Czasy:
|
present simple |
> |
past simple |
|
present continuous |
> |
past continuous |
|
past simple |
> |
past perfect |
|
past continuous |
> |
past perfect continuous |
|
present perfect |
> |
past perfect |
|
present perfect continuous |
> |
past perfect continuous |
Czasowniki modalne
Czasowniki modalne
także przyjmują formę czasu przeszłego:
|
will |
> |
would |
|
would |
> |
would have |
|
should |
> |
should have |
|
can |
> |
could/be able to |
|
must |
> |
had to |
Określenia czasu i miejsca, zaimek wskazujący:
|
today |
> |
that day |
|
now |
> |
at that time/then |
|
tomorrow |
> |
the next day/the following day |
|
yesterday |
> |
the day before |
|
...ago |
> |
...earlier |
|
last... |
> |
the... before/the previous... |
|
here |
> |
there |
|
this |
> |
that |
Przykłady zmian w mowie zależnej:
|
Mowa niezależna |
Mowa zależna |
|
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
|
Tom said "I work for this company." |
Tom said (that) he worked for that company. |
|
Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
|
Tom said "I’m not working today.” |
Tom said (that) he wasn’t working that day.” |
|
Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
|
Tom said "I worked for this company." |
Tom said (that) he had worked for that company. |
|
Past continuous |
Past perfect continuous |
|
Tom said "I wasn’t working yesterday.” |
Tom said he hadn’t been working that day. |
|
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
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"I have worked for this company for ten years," said Tom. |
Tom said (that) he had worked for that company for ten years. |
|
Present Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
|
Tom said "I've been working for this company for 10 years." |
Tom said "He had been working for this company for 10 years." |
|
will |
would |
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"I will go to work tomorrow," said Tom. |
Tom said he would go to work the next day. |
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